Yaris Hybrid – Proven to Provide the Lowest Total Cost of Ownership

[xcel]

All-new 2012 Toyota Yaris Hybrid achieves lowest three-year running costs among market competitors in the UK.

Wayne Gerdes - CleanMPG - May 28, 2012

2012 Toyota Yaris Hybrid (the c here) - The least expensive hybrid is proving to be less expensive on more than just an upfront basis in the UK.

The new 2012 Toyota Yaris Hybrid with its full hybrid drivetrain is today delivering unmatched savings on total cost of ownership compared to its B-Segment competitors.

Data released by KWIKcarcost ranked the Yaris Hybrid as the best for delivering the lowest total cost over the next three years for company car operators and drivers. In addition, industry monitor CAP predicts the new Toyota will hold the highest residual value amongst its peers over three years/60,000 miles, at 38 percent for the top trimmed model.

Private owners earn the zero road tax honor thanks to its far less than 99 g/km of CO2 emissions.

KWIKcarcost analysis shows that companies drive the Yaris Hybrid will be paying just $0.55/mile.

Competitive Total Cost of Ownership Compariron

Model	Toyota Yaris Hybrid T4	Ford Fiesta 1.6L TDCi ECOnetic	Honda Jazz 1.3L IMA	Vauxhall Corsa 1.3 CDTi	Volkswagen Polo 1.2L Blue Motion
Doors	5	5	5	5	5
Combined mpgUS	64.8	68.5	50.2	51.4	64.6
CO2 g/km	79	87	104	115	91
Company costs over 3 years and 60,000 miles*	$33,081	$36,132	$37,464	$38,305	$33,865
Driver personal costs over 3 years/60,000 miles**	Multiple	Multiple	Multiple	Multiple	Multiple
Yaris Hybrid saving +/- %	-	-10%	-29%	-44%	-10%

*: Includes Depreciation, SMR, Fuel, Insurance, Finance and National Insurance
**: Includes BIK at 20% and Private fuel costs for 10,000 miles.
Data source KWIKcarcost 14 May 2012; gasoline calculated at 1.391/L, diesel at 1.451/L with a finance rate of 4.5%.

The all new 2012 Toyota Yaris Hybrid is available to order now with customer deliveries scheduled for early July.

The European Super Diesel has its work cut out for it, doesn’t it?

[herm]

Originally Posted by xcel

The European Super Diesel has its work cut out for it, doesn’t it?

besides getting your hands all stinky they also emit a lot of carcinogenic compounds..no thanks, make mine an atkinson cycle gasoline engine.

[wxman]

@ Herm - if you think gasoline engines are really less "polluting" than current diesel technology, well, that makes one of us.

EPA published a set of "upstream" ("well-to-pump") emissions factors in one of the supporting documents to the "Proposed Rulemaking for 2017-2025 Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards" late last year ("Draft Technical Support Document", listed in Table 4-12, page 4-42). The following is a reproduction of Table 4-12...





According to those emission factors, gasoline (both conventional and reformulated) has vastly higher VOC emissions in the "Fuel Transport, Storage, Distribution" phase of the life-cycle emissions than diesel (by a factor of almost 40!). VOCs have been implicated as the main factor in ground-level ozone accumulation ("smog").

Also according to those emission factors, benzene, an unregulated air toxic and known carcinogen, is much higher for gasoline than diesel. Add to that the higher exhaust emissions of benzene from gasoline engines according to EPA, gasoline is vastly higher in benzene emissions than diesel well-to-wheels.

Furthermore, the higher-than-previously-calculated black carbon (BC or "soot") emissions from gasoline engines (John Liggio, et al, “Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements.” Environmental Science & Technology (2012)) and the much higher emissions of secondary organic aerosol precursors (Bahreini, R., et al, “Gasoline emissions dominate over diesel in formation of secondary organic aerosol mass.” Geophys. Res. Lett. (2012)) make the case for concluding that diesel engine technology is inherently "dirtier" than gasoline dubious.

Beside, the diesel cars used as comparisons in this study all have particulate filters (DPF) since Europe now has a very strict limit on particle number emissions for diesel cars, so strict that most gasoline cars couldn't meet it without filters (not a bad idea IMHO).

[50 mpg by 2012]

Just stumbled into ...

According to The Auto Channel's analysis "All-New Mazda CX-5 Delivers Financial Savings For Fleets" it appears that the CX5 diesel is predicted to have a UK Company costs over 3 years and 60,000 miles of USD $45,444 (at 48.47p/mile) ... provided I did the conversions and math correctly.

Meanwhile, whole life cost figures from leading provider KWIKcarcost reveal that the entry-level SKYACTIV-G 2.0-litre 165ps SE-L petrol engine model will cost 49.48p per mile to run over three years/60,000 miles.

That is better than a wide range of rival models including the Volkswagen Tiguan, Nissan Qashqai, Audi Q3, Kia Sportage, Honda CR-V, Toyota RAV4 and Ford Kuga.

Similar data for the entry-level SKYACTIV-D 2.2-litre petrol[? this confuses me] 150ps SE-L also highlights that the model makes significant financial sense for budget-conscious fleet decision-makers. KWIKcarcost calculates the model will cost 48.47p per mile to run over the benchmark period putting it ahead of rivals including the BMW X1, Hyundai ix35, Ford Kuga, Toyota RAV4 and Honda CR-V.

CAP predicts that the entry-level SKYACTIV-D 2.2-litre diesel 150ps 2-wheel drive (2WD) SE-L (P11D value £22,940) will have a three-year/60,000 mile residual value of 37 percent, which is similar to the more expensive BMW X1 model and beats many rivals including the Nissan Qashqai, Toyota RAV4, Kia Sportage, Hyundai ix35, Honda CR-V and Ford Kuga.

http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2...or-fleets.html

This probably belongs in the CX5 thread ... however, I chose here because of comparable operating cost data.

[MikeMarsUK]

Originally Posted by herm

besides getting your hands all stinky ...

Are you thinking of the old diesel (prior to the introduction of low sulphur?). The sulphur compounds used to really stink.



I'm a bit confused about KWIKcarcost's chart ... in one place it says

**: Includes BIK at 20% and Private fuel costs for 10,000 miles.

But that's against the driver's personal costs for 60,000 miles row. And why does it just say 'multiple' instead of giving a figure? And I have to wonder why they didn't include the Kia Rio CRDi which is the current chart-topper.

[WriConsult]

And let's not forget that the Yaris Hybrid is basically the unfortunate-looking twin of the Prius c sold here. Saw a habanero one over the weekend. :drool:

[RedylC94]

Originally Posted by WriConsult

And let's not forget that the Yaris Hybrid is basically the unfortunate-looking twin of the Prius c sold here.

The c can pull some lovely mpg numbers but why does it have to look like a junior edition of the "unfortunate-looking" Matrix-Vibe (in my opinion)?

[ItsNotAboutTheMoney]

Originally Posted by wxman

@ Herm - if you think gasoline engines are really less "polluting" than current diesel technology, well, that makes one of us.

EPA published a set of "upstream" ("well-to-pump") emissions factors in one of the supporting documents to the "Proposed Rulemaking for 2017-2025 Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards" late last year ("Draft Technical Support Document", listed in Table 4-12, page 4-42). The following is a reproduction of Table 4-12...

<the table>

Just one thing to note about that table: the numbers are per million BTU, about 8.3 gallons or gasoline or 7.2 gallons of diesel.

Taken per gallon, diesel has a great advantage in VOC emissions (23:100) and Benzene (64:100) but is slightly worse in all the other categories (1.03:1 to 1.16:1).

I mention this because we're on an article about hybrids so:
- To "add" the figures in this table to tailpipe emissions we'd need first to divide by mpg x gallons/10^6BTU, which for Prius c gives a divisor of 415.
- Hybrids are also not typical of gasoline vehicles for per-mile emissions: the Prius is Tier 2 Bin 3/SULEV. I think the rated HC's are higher than a filtered diesel, I believe, but they are not significantly higher. I also believe that the reduced evaporative emissions has made a good dent in overall VOCs.
- Hybrids are particularly relatively efficient in congested environments, where I would expect the harm done by exhaust emissions is greatest.

So, the good news is that if/when they begin requiring filters on gasoline vehicles, gasoline hybrids should gain a competitive benefit by not having to go to extremes.

And, getting back to the original article, watching the Yaris Hybrid sales will be very interesting since it's specifically targeting the ecodiesels and urban drivers. And, not only does it give great mileage, it does it while eliminating the manual transmission.

[50 mpg by 2012]

Originally Posted by wxman

@ Herm - if you think gasoline engines are really less "polluting" than current diesel technology, well, that makes one of us.

EPA published a set of "upstream" ("well-to-pump") emissions factors in one of the supporting documents to the "Proposed Rulemaking for 2017-2025 Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards" late last year ("Draft Technical Support Document", listed in Table 4-12, page 4-42). The following is a reproduction of Table 4-12...

....

Furthermore, the higher-than-previously-calculated black carbon (BC or "soot") emissions from gasoline engines (John Liggio, et al, “Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements.” Environmental Science & Technology (2012)) and the much higher emissions of secondary organic aerosol precursors (Bahreini, R., et al, “Gasoline emissions dominate over diesel in formation of secondary organic aerosol mass.” Geophys. Res. Lett. (2012)) make the case for concluding that diesel engine technology is inherently "dirtier" than gasoline dubious.

Beside, the diesel cars used as comparisons in this study all have particulate filters (DPF) since Europe now has a very strict limit on particle number emissions for diesel cars, so strict that most gasoline cars couldn't meet it without filters (not a bad idea IMHO).

BIG THANKS ... for the updates!

Originally Posted by ItsNotAboutTheMoney

Just one thing to note about that table: the numbers are per million BTU, about 8.3 gallons or gasoline or 7.2 gallons of diesel.

Taken per gallon, diesel has a great advantage in VOC emissions (23:100) and Benzene (64:100) but is slightly worse in all the other categories (1.03:1 to 1.16:1).

I mention this because we're on an article about hybrids so:
- To "add" the figures in this table to tailpipe emissions we'd need first to divide by mpg x gallons/10^6BTU, which for Prius c gives a divisor of 415.
- Hybrids are also not typical of gasoline vehicles for per-mile emissions: the Prius is Tier 2 Bin 3/SULEV. I think the rated HC's are higher than a filtered diesel, I believe, but they are not significantly higher. I also believe that the reduced evaporative emissions has made a good dent in overall VOCs.
- Hybrids are particularly relatively efficient in congested environments, where I would expect the harm done by exhaust emissions is greatest.

So, the good news is that if/when they begin requiring filters on gasoline vehicles, gasoline hybrids should gain a competitive benefit by not having to go to extremes.

And, getting back to the original article, watching the Yaris Hybrid sales will be very interesting since it's specifically targeting the ecodiesels and urban drivers. And, not only does it give great mileage, it does it while eliminating the manual transmission.

While I agree with you comments about using relative emissions by Btus/mile ... I am concerned with your assumption that carbon particulate emissions mass of gasoline ICEs (hybrid or not) will "gain a competitive benefit by not having to go to extremes". Keep in mind that the data table only addresses "well to pump" emissions contributions if I understood correctly.

Further, I believe the your case may be exactly the reverse ... due to the much smaller carbon particle size generated by gasoline ICEs ... that more easily penetrates deeper into respiratory systems (higher health risk) and are therefore more difficult capture/destroy with existing filters systems.

The hole in OUR analysis is that WXMAN, you, nor I have specific emissions yield data from the unique combustion processes of either diesel or gasoline ICEs. Besides, as Mazda has demonstrated with their SkyActiv gasoline and diesel engines ... emissions are very ICE design dependent.

Currently there are about 44 OEMs active in the UK with 1815 gasoline offerings but NONE are rated above Euro Step V.

On the other hand, those same OEMs have 41 (27 BMWs, 8 M/Bs, and 6 Mazdas) Step VI diesels out 1853 offerings a full 28 months ahead of regulatory requirements October 2014.

My opinion and observations ...

[wxman]

Originally Posted by ItsNotAboutTheMoney

Just one thing to note about that table: the numbers are per million BTU, about 8.3 gallons or gasoline or 7.2 gallons of diesel.

Taken per gallon, diesel has a great advantage in VOC emissions (23:100) and Benzene (64:100) but is slightly worse in all the other categories (1.03:1 to 1.16:1).

I mention this because we're on an article about hybrids so:
- To "add" the figures in this table to tailpipe emissions we'd need first to divide by mpg x gallons/10^6BTU, which for Prius c gives a divisor of 415.
- Hybrids are also not typical of gasoline vehicles for per-mile emissions: the Prius is Tier 2 Bin 3/SULEV. I think the rated HC's are higher than a filtered diesel, I believe, but they are not significantly higher. I also believe that the reduced evaporative emissions has made a good dent in overall VOCs.
- Hybrids are particularly relatively efficient in congested environments, where I would expect the harm done by exhaust emissions is greatest.

So, the good news is that if/when they begin requiring filters on gasoline vehicles, gasoline hybrids should gain a competitive benefit by not having to go to extremes.

And, getting back to the original article, watching the Yaris Hybrid sales will be very interesting since it's specifically targeting the ecodiesels and urban drivers. And, not only does it give great mileage, it does it while eliminating the manual transmission.

I used 129,488 BTU/gallon for diesel fuel and 116,090 BTU/gallon for gasoline, which would equate to about 7.7 gallons/mmBTU and 8.6 gallons/mmBTU, respectively. I've calculated the WTW emissions of a 2012 Passat TDI and the PZEV version of the 2012 Passat. Based on the EPA emission factors (and using the BTU/gallon values for each fuel listed above), I came up with the following graphical depiction...






The WTW emissions of ozone precursor emissions (NOx and HC) of the gasoline Passat are so high in the well-to-pump stage, that even the European version of the 2.0 CR Passat TDI has lower overall WTW emissions than the PZEV Passat (and actually lower WTW emissions across-the-board)...





The methodology I used is explained at http://webpages.charter.net/lmarz/emissions2012.html if you are interested. The EPA emission factors are used in the lower half of that web page.

So even gasoline vehicles that hit PZEV aren't necessarily lower in WTW emissions than the corresponding diesel version. I haven't calculated the WTW emissions of the the subject vehicles (don't have the certified exhaust emissions anyway), but based on the combined mpgUS values given values, the basic premise should still hold for the Fiesta and even the Polo.